WW2 Ice Aircraft Carrier

[Gen. Sandworm]

Not sure if you guys have heard about this?????? Anyhow would have been cool if they would have actually done it.

http://www.combinedops.com/Pykrete.htm

[DerMann]

I saw that on the History Channel.

Very "cool" :lol:

[alephh]

Reminds me of those crazy WW2 US projects, like teaching bats how to carry and drop bombs etc :-D

Money well spent is half of the victory... ;-D

[Gen. Sandworm]

Money well spent is half of the victory... ;-D

According to G.I. Joe "Knowing is half the battle" :)

[pdf27]

Reminds me of those crazy WW2 US projects, like teaching bats how to carry and drop bombs etc :-D

Money well spent is half of the victory... ;-D
I seem to remember the bomb caught fire (it was an incendiary) while still attached to the bat. Good thing PETA weren't around!

Rather like the Russian exploding dogs...

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b7/Dog_mine.jpg

[alephh]

Reminds me of those crazy WW2 US projects, like teaching bats how to carry and drop bombs etc :-D

This, of course, was such a "great" idea that it got funding, I just would like to know what sort of ideas were rejected ;-D

[DerMann]

They were actually going to go to the Antarctic and cut off a huge piece of an iceburg, but then they remembered that 10% of the iceburg is above water and 90% is below the water, and they needed a piece at least 100 feet high.

All Pykrete is is saw dust and wood pulp frozen in water. I'm going to make some when I get really, really, really bored.

[PLT.SGT.BAKER]

and wat r u going to do if u make sum pykrete sarge?

[Dani]

and wat r u going to do if u make sum pykrete sarge?

Mate, you are not on a messenger but on a board, so please use plain English.

Respect me and I'll respect you.

[PLT.SGT.BAKER]

ok i'll use plain english.

[Dani]

Thank you!

[Twitch1]

Not to be outdone by Ruskie boom-boom dogs, in WW2 the Japaneze had an overabundance of HUMAN volunteers willing to strap AT charges on their bodies and were to lay as tanks overran them and blow the explosives by contact or manual trigger during the forthcoming invasion of the Kyushu.

[DerMann]

and wat r u going to do if u make sum pykrete sarge?
I'm going to make a fort and scream profanities at people passing by.

Actually...

I'm going to go shooting at my friend's ranch soon, so I might take some there and see what a Mauser/Webley will do to it. I'll take pictures.

[PLT.SGT.BAKER]

i wonder what will happen if you throw a grenade at the pykrete?

[1000ydstare]

Subject of animals on kamikaze missions, the Brits managed to train pigeons to guide missiles on to ships.

They were in the front and were trained to tap a window in front of them where the ship was. In training they received food for correctly tapping the ship. By tapping the ship this moved the window which altered the control surfaces of the missile. I think in the actual mission the food was dispensed every time the bird touched the glass.

Don't know if one was ever actually used in anger though.

[PLT.SGT.BAKER]

im still wondering :wink:

[1000ydstare]

Not having any experience of the stuff I wouldn't know, however I would guess that a the reletively small amount of explosive carried in a grenade would do very little damage to a substantial amount of this matierial.

[PLT.SGT.BAKER]

i just thought of something, what if you put a grenade in the pykrete before its frozen and when it is frozen,pull off the pin and see what happens.

[DerMann]

Erm how would you get the pin out if it's frozen? Plus if it's frozen, the spoon wouldn't come off.

[1000ydstare]

What if, right, you made a special anti-freeze bomb. And put it in to the middle?

[Cuts]

What if, right, you made a special anti-freeze bomb. And put it in to the middle?

And if when it exploded it made a Bn of SS-Totenkopf suddenly materialise in the White House ?

[Cuts]

Or what if every German aircraft had like a ray gun that made a "KERRRZZAPPP !" noise and could make ice aircraft carriers melt, what then ?

[Cuts]

Or maybe if all the Germans suddenly became indestructible, would that have made any difference ?

[Crab_to_be]

Tsk tsk... Some of you are being very intolerant of other users. Were your Christmas presents disappointing?

On the other hand, the super-secret heat ray developed in conjunction with Wells, Orson and Wells, H. G. would have destroyed the pykrete. Remember that there is no such thing as a stupid question but there are stupid people who should know better.

[DerMann]

They had refridgeration units onboard. They made a scale model in Canada and it lasted for one and a half years. This one was not even made out of Pykrete it was made out of ice. It would take a very large, and powerful, heat ray to melt it.

[Firefly]

See what youve started Cuts!

Damn you - Damn you to hell!

[Sturmtruppen]

Or what if every German aircraft had like a ray gun that made a "KERRRZZAPPP !" noise and could make ice aircraft carriers melt, what then ?

Ohhh Cuts,laughing of other users is not something nice,also your joke is crapfull,i would prefer mr bean's ones.

See what youve started Cuts!

Damn you - Damn you to hell!

What if the mod would give cuts an unformal warning so he wouldn't repeat this actitude!.
That is laughing of what cuts said,you have started,damn you,you wouldn't say that to me,you would say "play nice erwin","erwin,don't be bad","erwin please behave".
I was going to say something with the word suck but then Dani would kill me.

At least crab said:

Some of you are being very intolerant of other users

Why don't you say the same thing to me,that is acussing him indirectly,good choice,if i do something you would say "Erwin behave!" or "Erwin you child" or "Erwin don't be sooo CrapBBpy".


Viva!!!

Icecream

[Firefly]

Erwin, I have no real idea what your talking about. But as I seem to understand Cuts humour slightly better than you I dont think he needs a warning.

As I keep saying, take your complaints to PM and stop whining on the boards like a small child.

[1000ydstare]

Could a pykcrete design be used by the ARA erwin?

WRT the Argentine forces thread you could use it to make a carrier on the cheap. In that way you could have an aircraft carrier that was very easy to redesign as the years went by and could also hide up against the ice bergs. It could be called the ARA HOTH after the ice planet in Star Wars.

Would the aircraft need to be fitted with skis to land or could they use wheels?

Could be a winner.

[FluffyBunnyGB]

Don't the cold icebergy bits down that way belong to a certain Northern European country with a historical aversion to Argentinian Naval vessels?

Could be a bit risky parking a ship there.

[Sturmtruppen]

[quote="1000ydstare"]Could a pykcrete design be used by the ARA erwin?[/quote


ARA Erwin? :twisted:

[PLT.SGT.BAKER]

i just thought of this, how would the ship even move would it use engines, if it does won't the heat from the enigine melt the ice?

[SS Tiger]

i just thought of this, how would the ship even move would it use engines, if it does won't the heat from the enigine melt the ice?

They would be externaly mounted like on a Zeppelin, that would keep them from melting the ice.

[DerMann]

Also, they had lots of insulation and refridgeration units.

[Sturmtruppen]

How can i put a carrier in my glass when my drink is hot? :shock:

[DerMann]

You wouldn't want to do that because Pykrete has sawdust and wood in it. So unless you enjoy drinking down splinters, I'd suggest you wouldn't ;)

[Sturmtruppen]

:lol: :lol:

[PLT.SGT.BAKER]

:mrgreen:

[Tsolias]

In late 1942, Lord Louis Mountbatten — the British military's Chief of Combined Operations — paid a visit to Winston Churchill at his official country home, Chequers. Mountbatten had with him a small parcel of great importance. A member of Churchill's staff apologized that the Prime Minister was at that moment in his bath.

"Good," said Mountbatten as he bounded up the stairs. "That's exactly where I want him to be." Mountbatten entered the steaming bathroom to find Churchill in the tub. It was generally not a wise thing to interrupt Sir Winston in his bathtub.

"I have," Mountbatten explained, "a block of a new material that I would like to put in your bath."

Mountbatten opened his parcel and dropped its contents between the Prime Minister's bare legs in the water. It was a chunk of ice.

Rather than bellow at his Chief of Combined Operations, Churchill stared at the ice intently — and so, standing by the bathtub, did Mountbatten himself. Minutes passed, and still they looked into the steaming depths of bath water before them. The ice was not melting.1

Ice is strange stuff: brittle when struck suddenly, yet malleable when pressured over a period of time. With low but steady pressure, this plastic deformation can continue indefinitely. Above all, ice is unpredictable. Molded into a beam, it will fracture at loads anywhere from 5 kg/sq cm to 35 kg/sq cm. Because it fails at unpredictable loads, it is not ideal as a building material. But what was bobbing about in Churchill's bathtub was no ordinary ice: it was pykrete.

Pykrete is a super-ice, strengthened tremendously by mixing in wood pulp as it freezes. By freezing a slurry of 14 percent wood pulp, the mechanical strength of ice rockets up to a fairly consistent 70 kg/sq cm. A 7.69 mm rifle bullet, when fired into pure ice, will penetrate to a depth of about 36 cm. Fired into pykrete, it will penetrate less than half as far — about the same distance as a bullet fired into brickwork. Yet you can mold pykrete into blocks from the simplest materials and then plane it, just like wood. And it has tremendous crush resistance: a one-inch column of the stuff will support an automobile. Moreover, it takes much longer to melt than pure ice. But as strong and eco-friendly as it is, pykrete remains forgotten today save among glaciologists, who express bafflement over why no one has made use of it. "I don't really know why it has languished in obscurity," admits Professor Erland Schulson, director of the Ice Research Laboratory at Dartmouth College.2

Pykrete is the namesake of Geoffrey Pyke, who the Times of London once declared "one of the most original if unrecognized figures of the present century." His career began in 1914 when, as a teenager at Cambridge University, he landed a foreign correspondent job by using a false passport to sneak into wartime Germany. After getting tossed into a concentration camp, he fled the country in a daring daytime escape. In the 1920s, he virtually created progressive elementary education in Great Britain, all for the sake of his own son's education. Pyke financed his own school by brilliantly riding futures markets and controlling a quarter of the world's supply of tin, a ploy which brought him to financial ruin in 1929. He lived on as an eccentric hermit, publishing prescient warnings of Nazism and proposing one of the first media watchdogs. After the war, his freelance genius helped propel the creation of the National Health Service.3

During the war, he appeared at the office of the Chief of Combined Operations with a simple recommendation for his hiring. "You need me on your staff," the shabbily dressed man explained to Lord Mountbatten, "because I'm a man who thinks." What Pyke was thinking about just then was building ships out of ice.

Pyke envisioned ships as vast and solid as icebergs. You could make the sides of your boat tens of feet thick, hundreds if you felt like it, and bullets or torpedoes would bounce away or knock off pathetically ineffectual chunks. And when a torpedo did knock a chunk away — so? You were floating in a sea of raw repair material. Given how long it took pykrete to melt, and the minimal onboard refrigeration equipment needed to stay frozen and afloat, it would be months or years before the boats exhausted their usefulness. In battle, the ice ships could put their onboard refrigeration systems to good use by spraying super-cooled water at enemy ships, icing their hatches shut, clogging their guns, and freezing hapless sailors to death.

Pykrete freighters could carry eight entire Liberty class freighters as cargo, but Pyke's dream was not to use them as cargo ships but as aircraft carriers. One of the great disadvantages of aircraft carriers had always been that their short landing surfaces and cramped storage favored small planes with foldable wings and light armor. The most desirable fighters, like Spitfires, were not an easy fit for carriers, and bombers were altogether out of the question. Pyke's logical conclusion was to build a behemoth: the H.M.S Habbakuk, he called it. Constructed from 40-foot blocks of ice, his Habbakuk would be 2,000 feet long, 300 feet wide, with walls 40 feet thick. Its interior would easily accommodate 200 Spitfires. The largest ship then afloat was the H.M.S Queen Mary, which weighed in at 86,000 tons. The Habbakuk would weigh 2 million tons.4

For a man who had had ice thrown into his bath, Winston Churchill was surprisingly receptive to the idea. After reading the formal War Cabinet report on the Habbakuk project, Churchill shot back a memo stamped "Most Secret" the next day, on 7 December 1942. "I attach the greatest importance to the prompt examination of these ideas," he wrote. "The advantages of a floating island or islands, even if only used as refueling depots for aircraft, are so dazzling that they do not need at the moment to be discussed."

Mountbatten had already ordered Pyke and his colleague Martin Perutz to produce pykrete in large quantities to test and perfect it. Utmost secrecy was required, so Pyke set up shop in a refrigerated meat locker in a Smithfield Market butcher's basement; his "shop assistants" were disguised British commandos. Their work was carried on behind a protective screen of massive frozen animal carcasses. When Mountbatten came to visit the operation, it was so hush-hush that Lord Louis had to disguise himself as, of all things, a civilian.

It looked like an ordinary boathouse, tucked in on the shore of Patricia Lake, just outside Jasper, Alberta. But it was not a house at all — it was the boat, with a tin roof stuck on top to make the bizarre craft look like a boathouse.

The prototype Habbakuk was 60 feet long and 30 feet wide, weighing in at 1,000 tons, and was kept frozen by a one-horsepower motor. The boat would not move very quickly, and the enemy would hardly fail to see it coming, but this hardly mattered. "Surprise," Pyke theorized in his first Habbakuk memo, "can be obtained from permanence as well as suddenness." The immense hull was just as strong as Pyke had predicted, but Mountbatten eschewed the scientist's reports for a more direct testing method: hauling out a shotgun and trying to blow a hole into their precious prototype's side. He failed.

Meanwhile, the butcher's backroom had produced enough samples for Mountbatten and Churchill to take their pykrete show on the road. Mountbatten unveiled the invention at a tense secret meeting of the Allied chiefs of staff at Quebec's Chateau Frontenac Hotel in August 1943. With the heads of nearly every Allied branch in attendance, the outside of the conference room was filled with high-level staff waiting to give their reports. British Air Marshall Sir William Welch was among them when they heard two pistol shots ring out from inside the conference room.

"My god," Welch yelled, "the Americans are shooting the British!" Guards rushing into the conference room found Lord Mountbatten holding a pistol amidst a scene of shattered ice and mayhem. And yet some of the officers were laughing. There was a very reasonable explanation for it all. Mountbatten had set out two blocks of material and then pulled out a gun to give the assembled chiefs a little demonstration. The first shot had been at a block of pure ice, which shattered. Nobody was much surprised by this. But the second shot proved very surprising indeed. This time, Mountbatten shot a piece of pykrete, and the bullet ricocheted right off the block and zipped across the trouser leg of Fleet Admiral Ernest King. It was quickly decided that Mountbatten had made his point.5

Churchill and Roosevelt soon came to an agreement that the world's biggest ship should be built. But one man was conspicuously missing from these meetings: Pyke. The ship's inventor was stunned to discover that to appease the Americans' who were not too keen on pottering eccentrics — he had been cut loose from his own project. It hadn't helped that Pyke had sent a cable marked "Hush Most Secret" back to Mountbatten. It read, in its entirety: "CHIEF OF NAVAL CONSTRUCTION IS AN OLD WOMAN. SIGNED PYKE."6

In the end, the Habbakuk was never built anyway. Land-based aircraft were attaining longer ranges, U-boats were being hunted down faster than they could be built, and the US was gaining numerous island footholds in the Pacific — all contributing to a reduced need for a vast, floating airfield. And deep within the newly built Pentagon was the knowledge that America already had a secret weapon in development to be used against Japan — an end to the war that would be brought about not by ice but by fire.

The prototype ice-ship, abandoned in Patricia Lake, did not melt until the end of the next summer.

1 — This Chequers account is included in the only biography of inventor Geoffrey Pyke: David Lampe's wonderful 1959 book Pyke, the Unknown Genius (London: Evans Brothers, 1959).

2 — Martin Perutz, "Description of the Iceberg Aircraft Carrier and the Bearing of the Mechanical Properties of Frozen Wood Pulp Upon Some Problems of Glacier Flow," in Journal of Glaciology, March 1948, pp. 95-104. There's an entertaining modern experiment involving shooting pykrete at http://www.geocities.com/Broadway/1928/pykrete.htm. The Schulson quote is from my 7 March 2001 email interview with him.

3 — See Pyke obituaries "The Fearless Innovator," The Times (London), 26 Feb 1948, p. 6; and "Everybody's" Conscience," Time, 8 March 1948, pp. 31-33.

4 — Due to an Admiralty clerk's error, it was "Habbakuk" rather than the correct biblical name "Habakkuk." Pyke's memos are available through the Public Record Office (www.pro.go.uk); they are Admiralty files ADM 1/15672 and ADM 1/15677. Also see the London Illustrated News, 2 March 1946, pp. 234-237.

5 — "War on Ice?," Newsweek, 11 March 1946, p. 51.

6 — Martin Perutz, "Enemy Alien," The New Yorker, 12 August 1985, pp. 35-54. Perutz notes that design flaws might have made the Habbakuk impossible anyway.

[PLT.SGT.BAKER]

This ones evenmore interesting then the other one in the british section, great job on researching 8)

[Firefly]

I agree with the above, but now we have two topics essentially the same. Of course this one hasnt turned Mad yet!

[PLT.SGT.BAKER]

I agree with the above, but now we have two topics essentially the same. Of course this one hasnt turned Mad yet!

lets try to keep this topic unmad!

[DerMann]

Well just thought I'd let y'all know that I'm doing a project on Pykrete in school. Today I made a gallon block of Pykrete and a gallon block of regular ice. I'll post more pictures when it finishes freezing.

http://i17.photobucket.com/albums/b67/DerMann3/100_4307.jpg
Pykrete left, ice right.

I used ground up newspaper instead of sawdust (newspaper is technically wood pulp, and sawdust is just too darn hard to get). I used about a 40% pulp and 60% water mixture, which is much more than the original recipe called for (14%/86%).

[PLT.SGT.BAKER]

Cool! I think pykrete mixture you made looks like pykrete. But what are you going to do with the pykrete after its frozen?

[PLT.SGT.BAKER]

actually I just saw some real pykrete, it looks a bit more different then yours D man. more woody like.

[Tsolias]

Well just thought I'd let y'all know that I'm doing a project on Pykrete in school. Today I made a gallon block of Pykrete and a gallon block of regular ice. I'll post more pictures when it finishes freezing.
I used ground up newspaper instead of sawdust (newspaper is technically wood pulp, and sawdust is just too darn hard to get). I used about a 40% pulp and 60% water mixture, which is much more than the original recipe called for (14%/86%).

Cool-keep us posted!

[PLT.SGT.BAKER]

Any news of the pykrete?

[DerMann]

Well it hardened rather quickly, I thought it would take weeks, but for the most part it's about 80% forzen. There is still some water that hasn't frozen, so maybe by tomorrow it'll be done.

I'm going to hit it with a hammer (my school doens't allow the use of firearms in projects :\ ) and then I'm going to take a seperate block (yet to be made) and leave it outside and see how long it can keep its shape.

It looks a lot different than regular Pykrete because as I said, this is not sawdust, it's shredded newspaper. It's a grayish colour and it looks almost like concrete (there're little spots of colour that stick out because of the pictures in the newpaper).

[Man of Stoat]

surely you can acquire sawdust at any pet shop?

[DerMann]

Probably, but I don't yet have a drivers licence, and my parents weren't home to take me, so I just used a blender, water, and some newspaper. It should create the same effect (paper is made of wood pulp, you just have to reduce it to it's original form).

Plus I don't have to pay for the newspaper (I know that it isn't free, but I don't have to spend money out of my wallet to get it).

[SS Tiger]

Interesting project, even though your not using the exact recipe for pykrete it'll still prove/disprove that adding newspaper will give the ice a greater structural integrity. I'll be interested to see the results.

[american sniper]

i have been tryingt o remember what that ice was called i watched a thing about it on the history channel

[PLT.SGT.BAKER]

But, how are you going to get the pykrete and the ice out? its in a plastic jug. :|, cutting it out perhaps?

[PzKpfw VI Tiger]

But, how are you going to get the pykrete and the ice out? its in a plastic jug. :|, cutting it out perhaps?

Probably :?

[Crab_to_be]

But, how are you going to get the pykrete and the ice out? its in a plastic jug. :|, cutting it out perhaps?

Easy!
Put it in the oven on a low heat overnight and it should pour out quite easily. Then all you have to do is pour it into a plastic container and freeze it over several days, and you have your pykrete. It'll be easy to get out too - simply put it in the oven...

[DerMann]

But, how are you going to get the pykrete and the ice out? its in a plastic jug. :|, cutting it out perhaps?

That is exactly what I'm going to do.

I cut it out today, and most of it looks like it's frozen, but I can not really be sure of the middle (yesterday I actually started cutting it, but there was a weak spot in the ice and I could poke my finger in it and feel most of the center). Just to be safe, I'll do it tomorrow afternoon.

[cpl condor]

Please, let me know how is the texture and te hardness of it.
Or post some pics of that. :arrow:

[DerMann]

Well I took it out today. The results were quite remarkable. I had two types of hammers, one regular one and one with a point. The regular one made slight indentations in the Pykrete, but never chipped anything off. The spike penetrated pretty well, but the Pykrete did not crumble. I then tossed the block into the air and it hit the concrete. After a few times, a good sized chip came off. The block of regular ice pretty much shattered after the first hit. I'll post some pictures later.

As for the texture, it feels like gritty ice basically. Some parts were a little dried out (the handle) and the paper was flaking off.

[PLT.SGT.BAKER]

When I "heard" gritty ice, I imagined somewhat a block of ice mixed with sand. Hmmmm so the pykrete does work!

[Man of Stoat]

Congratulations! You now understand why composite materials are used.

[Gen. Sandworm]

Congratulations! You now understand why composite materials are used.

If your not careful im going to have to award you the site grumpy ass award.

:D :lol: :D :lol:

[Man of Stoat]

Congratulations! You now understand why composite materials are used.

If your not careful im going to have to award you the site grumpy ass award.

:D :lol: :D :lol:

That was not meant to come across as grumpy or sarcastic! Merely a statement of fact.

[Tsolias]

That was not meant to come across as grumpy or sarcastic! Merely a statement of fact.

For a moment there I thought Crab has hijacket your account :lol:

[Gen. Sandworm]

Congratulations! You now understand why composite materials are used.

If your not careful im going to have to award you the site grumpy ass award.

:D :lol: :D :lol:

That was not meant to come across as grumpy or sarcastic! Merely a statement of fact.

Ah just giving ya shit. No worries. :wink:

[DerMann]

I've had it outside since about 4:30PM yesterday. Today when I got home from school (3:00PM) I checked if it was still there. Most of the block had melted into a mess of wet, shredded newpaper, but there was a chunk about the size of my forearm that is still to be melted. When something that is frozen can withstand 20+ hours of being outside in Texas (it was about 70 degrees most of the day), it has gained my resepect. My hat's off to Geoffrey Pyke.

[PLT.SGT.BAKER]

Wow, it still has some that hasnt melted for 20 hrs and it was 70 degrees outside! I'm gonna give this peice of pykrete a salute!

[DerMann]

It melted at about 6:00PM today, and now it's just a giant pile of mush. I'm going to leave it there untill it dries so I can just pick it up in one clump :D

[Cuts]

Mind it doesn't set like, er... concrete.

Depending on the surface it's on, this papier mache can stick to the deck like the proverbial to a blanket.

[DerMann]

It's lying on dirt.

[Strangy]

How come these were not ever constructed. Seeing as ice/pykrite is 100x stronger then steel?



http://www.kirchersociety.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2006/05/pykecrete.jpg

the large carrier to the left is the pykrite, the right, modern steel ww2 carrier.

[pdf27]

Ummm... probably because it isn't actually anywhere near as strong as steel - it is however rather less dense which lets you use more of it. The construction and maintenence problems are fierce, particularly for a new technology in wartime.

[Strangy]

well, no really in bulk amounts the ice is way stronger then steel. if theres explosion against the ice, i.e. torpedo, it doesnt create a gapping hole, just more of a fracture. See ice, well stays very strong, even when its near liquifing temperatures. Where as metal, starts to bend and break. Ice stays strong. And say a bomb falls on the flight deck, it reacts like if a bomb hits the ground, so to fix it, you just pour in the some water bring up some freezers from below deck and easily fix the wound.

[Strangy]

ah well looky what i found


http://www.metacafe.com/watch/235665/2_million_ton_pykrete_aircraft_carrier_in_ww2/

[Dani]

Several threads from 2005 and 2006 archives have been merged here following a recent thread opened by strangy.
Also the thread resulted was moved.

[Rising Sun*]

well, no really in bulk amounts the ice is way stronger then steel. if theres explosion against the ice, i.e. torpedo, it doesnt create a gapping hole, just more of a fracture. See ice, well stays very strong, even when its near liquifing temperatures. Where as metal, starts to bend and break. Ice stays strong. And say a bomb falls on the flight deck, it reacts like if a bomb hits the ground, so to fix it, you just pour in the some water bring up some freezers from below deck and easily fix the wound.

How about in the tropics?

[Strangy]

well, according to the video, the thing was a floating refrigerator that kept itself cold and could stay at seas for years. Amazing, its too bad we will never see one sailing the oceans. That would be a sight to see.

[Rising Sun*]

well, according to the video, the thing was a floating refrigerator that kept itself cold and could stay at seas for years. Amazing, its too bad we will never see one sailing the oceans. That would be a sight to see.

I think there's a reason that icebergs don't threaten shipping in the equatorial regions.

As for using onboard equipment to repair damage, the energy demand would be phenomenal.

[pdf27]

well, no really in bulk amounts the ice is way stronger then steel. if theres explosion against the ice, i.e. torpedo, it doesnt create a gapping hole, just more of a fracture.
And what exactly do you think the damage to "bulk amounts" of steel would be?

[pdf27]

Update: For anyone interested, there is a BBC 7 dramatisation of the Habbakuk project/life of Geoffrey Pyke at the following link. It's only live until this time next week however so if you're interested get your skates on.
Needs RealPlayer...

http://www.bbc.co.uk/bbc7/listenagain/thursday/rams/0500.ram

[slong63]

Reminds me of those crazy WW2 US projects, like teaching bats how to carry and drop bombs etc :-D

Money well spent is half of the victory... ;-D

Got the book on the "bat bomb",very boring book but it actually worked well.
They tested single bat-bomb on a brand new reserve army air field in CA or AZ and burned the place down.The post was brand new and Army was very
upset:shock:

[Major Walter Schmidt]

See "My tank is Fight" It has an good article on it.